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Oculomotor Nerve
A person went to an ophthalmologist and said, “Doctor! My vision has been impaired. I can’t focus properly, and I see everything in double.” The doctor looked at him and replied in a very calm and...
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Golgi Tendon Organ
The Golgi tendon organ is an encapsulated sensory receptor through which muscle tendon fibers pass before getting attached to the bone. It is a mechanoreceptor that plays an important role in...
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The Enteric Nervous System: Understanding the “Second Brain”
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is also known as the “second brain” because of its ability to function independently from the central nervous system (CNS). It is a complex network of neurons that...
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Functions of the Human Nervous System
The human nervous system is a complex network of neurons that extends throughout the body and performs the role of communication and integration. The human nervous system has a sensory division as...
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Muscle Spindles
Proper control of muscle contractility not only requires motor signals from the CNS but also feedback signals originating in the muscles themselves to tell the spinal cord about the functional status...
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Receptors
Introduction to receptors Receptors are the biochemical structures that bind to specific ligands and produce cellular responses. Receptors are usually proteins and ligands are the chemical substances...
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
The parasympathetic nervous system, also known as the “rest and digest” system, is a crucial part of the body’s overall physiological response to stress. It is one of the chief divisions of the...
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Reflex Actions
Reflex actions are the rapid automatic and unconscious responses of the body to stimuli. They are a defense mechanism against injurious stimuli and play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. Reflex...
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Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Introduction to neurotransmitters and receptors Neurotransmitters are the chemical substances that bring about the transmission of information at the chemical synapses. Neurons make connections with...
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Sympathetic Ganglia
Sympathetic ganglia are the clusters of neuronal cell bodies present at different locations. These are the locations where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons make connections and relay...
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